CS 257: Software Design

Lab: getting started with Flask

Nothing to hand in

Flask: a web framework

Once you have designed an HTTP-based API, you'll want to write code to implement it, and deploy that code on a publicly accessible server.

One of the biggest hassles of API implementation is the parsing of the URL. For example, if you're writing a server that expects to receive requests like "http://wherever.com/author/27", your server will need code to recognize that the caller is requesting the "author" resource with ID number 27. Once your server extracts this information, it will probably want to call a function get_author (or some similar name) with the parameter author_id=27. The get_author function will then query your database, assemble a JSON response, and send that response back to the client that made the original request.

In addition to URL parsing, there are other routine and tedious tasks involved in implementing web services. As a result, many people have developed web frameworks—tools to simplify some of these routine tasks. We will be using one such framework called Flask, one of the most popular Python web frameworks.

For now, you'll install Flask on your working computer, but eventually, you'll be deploying your web application on perlman.mathcs.carleton.edu, where Flask is already installed.

Installing Flask

There's all sorts of discussion of details on the official Flask installation page. That said, I don't recommend following all those instructions. The Flask people really love using virtual environments, for which there are many good arguments. But in my experience, both for myself and most of my CS257 students, virtual environments add more complexity to my setup without providing discernable benefits.

So, here's what I recommend you do.

• If "pip3 install psycopg2" worked for you:
  pip3 install Flask
• If not:
  python3 -m pip install Flask

Trying out a simple Flask application

• Clone my CS257 Winter 2021 git repository
• In the clone of my repository, run my Flask sample:
  cd flask python3 flask_sample.py localhost 5000

  The program will print out a few messages and then just hang. You can kill it at any time by bringing its terminal window forward and hitting Ctrl-C. But right now, don't do that—just let it run.

• Go to a browser, and navigate to http://localhost:5000/help. This should print out a help document for the API that flask_sample.py is implementing.
• Look back at the terminal window. Do you see any messages that reflect your browser activity? If so, what do you make of them? Reload the browser page you just looked at. Does anything change on the terminal?
• Play around with the API, and keep an eye on the terminal as you do so. When you're done, Ctrl-C in the terminal to shut down the API server.
• Open up flask_sample.py in a text editor. Note the hard-coded "database" at the beginning, and then read the code and comments, with particular attention on the "@app.route" lines. Compare what you see there to the behavior described in the /help output, and to whatever you observed when playing with the API.
• Make a copy of flask_sample.py to mess around with (say, flask_sample_copy.py), and try putting in some
  print('blah blah', file=sys.stderr)
  debugging messages in various places. Relaunch your modified app (python3 flask_sample_copy.py localhost 5000) and try hitting it with your browser a few times. Do the error messages you inserted get printed when you expected them to? Keep playing like this until you're pretty sure you know which functions get called and when.
• Read through the code more carefully, and take notes about things in the code that you don't understand. Bring your questions to your next discussion group meeting or ask them on Slack.
• All done!

So where are we?

There's nothing more to do for this lab, but here's a little discussion of what comes next.

At this point, you can launch a simple Flask web app on your working computer and access it via a browser, but only from a browser that is also running on your computer. I'll eventually show you how to move your Flask apps onto perlman.mathcs.carleton.edu so they can be accessed from elsewhere, if you wish. But for now, you're set to start developing your own API.

To do that, you'll use the functions in flask_sample.py to give you an idea of how to build additional "@app.route" endpoints corresponding to the endpoints of the API you're trying to implement. You might also find the official Flask documentation helpful.

Here's one approach, pretending we're working on a books/authors API:

• Copy flask_sample.py to api.py, delete the fake database, and comment out the various functions (keeping them around temporarily for reference).
• Pick one endpoint from your API design (e.g. "/author/<author_id>").
• Create a "stub" function in api.py that matches the endpoint:
  @app.route('/author/<author_id>') def get_author(author_id): author = {'id': author_id, 'first_name': 'Alice', 'last_name': 'Stubauthor', 'birth_year': 1900, 'death_year': 1980} return json.dumps(author)
  That is, just create a fake author and return it.
• Fire up api.py and test the new endpoint (e.g. try different values of author_id and see if you see the difference in the JSON shown in your browser).
• Maybe commit your changes, just to save the endpoint stub.
• Do the hard work: implement and test your API endpoint.
• Repeat

Alternatively, you could create all the endpoint stubs at once, test that they are getting called at the appropriate times, and then start implementing them one at a time.